The Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. The first permanent photograph was made in 1825 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. The modern photographic camera evolved from the camera obscura.
The word camera comes from camera obscura, which means "dark chamber." It is the Latin name of the original device for projecting an image of external reality onto a flat surface. Similar artistic fields in the moving image camera domain are film, videography, and cinematography. The still image camera is the main instrument in the art of photography and captured images may be reproduced later as a part of the process of photography, digital imaging, or photographic printing. A shutter mechanism determines the amount of time the photosensitive surface is exposed to the light. Lenses focus the light entering the camera, and the size of the aperture can be widened or narrowed. Cameras have various mechanisms to control how the light falls onto the light-sensitive surface. At a basic level, cameras are sealed boxes (the camera body) with a small hole (the aperture) that allows light in to capture an image on a light-sensitive surface (usually photographic film or a digital sensor). Worldwide production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China accounting for nearly half of the total.Ī camera is an optical instrument that captures a visual image. In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production. Trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and use, including cooking, eating raw and cider production. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. Rootstocks are used to control speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree allowing for easier harvesting. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be large and much slower to fruit after planting. Generally then, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition.Īpples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of the parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lack desired characteristics. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today.
Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree ( Malus domestica).
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